Jupiter
in 2010 – The Big One.
A
guide to making the most of the closest opposition of Jupiter in over 40 years.
By Damian A. Peach
Jupiter in September 2009 showing a wealth of details across its
disk. D. Peach.
Introduction.
Jupiter is a Planet that can look detailed,
dramatic and large in the telescope on almost any occasion but the coming
opposition of September 20th, 2010 sees an especially grand show for
observers. Around every 12yrs Jupiter comes to a perehelic opposition where the
apparent size of the Planet appears especially large as seen from Earth.
2010 see’s a particularly close approach of the
Planet – the closest since the opposition of Oct 7th, 1963. Below
is a table of recent and future oppositions:
DATE
DIST (AU)
DEC
APP EQ DIAM
1951 Oct 2nd 3.9487
AU
Dec +2 09
49.86”
1963 Oct 7th
3.9524 AU
Dec +4 14
49.81”
1975 Oct 12th
3.9562 AU
Dec +6 14
49,76”
1987 Oct 17th 3.9592
AU
Dec +8 08
49.73”
1998 Sep 15th 3.9629
AU
Dec –4 10
49.68”
2010 Sep 20th
3.9539 AU
Dec –2 04
49.79”
2022 Sep 26th 3.9526 AU Dec +0 01 49.81"
The Planet attains its maximum apparent diameter
of almost 50 arc seconds on September 20th when it shines in the
constellation of Pisces at a brilliant mag –2.9. Its near neutral declination
means the Planet is well placed for both northern and southern observers, though
will still be a little low from very far northern or southern locations.
Jupiter is by some margin the largest Planet in
the solar system, large enough to swallow more than 300 Earths within its
massive volume. A world of endlessly churning storms, its dynamic and colourful
atmosphere has long been marvelled at by observers dating back to the famous
spot seen by Cassini back in the late 1600s.
Its four famous Moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) in their own
right fascinating worlds, and are prominently seen circling their master even in
binoculars.
Jupiter itself is circled by bright zones and
dark belts. The zones and belts contain many types of differing and ever
changing meteorological features. The most prominent features are the North and
South Equatorial Belts (NEB and SEB) but by far the most famous feature is of
course the Great Red Spot (GRS) a massive storm twice the size of Earth, and at
least 200yrs old. Another prominent feature is another large storm known as
“Oval BA”. This large storm formed from the merger of three large prominent
large white ovals between 1998 and 2000 and even became a smaller red spot of
its own in 2006, and though its colour having faded for a time, at the time of
writing this feature has once again become a prominent orange colour. Other more
dramatic events can occur such a fading and revival of the South Equatorial Belt
which is covered in more detail later in this article.
This diagram shows the Belts and Zones of Jupiter and their respective designations. Courtesy J. Rogers
During the previous Jovian apparition in 2009 an
unexpected impact event occurred on the Planet, leaving a dark scar near the
southern polar region, very similar to the impacts that occurred during the
famous Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts in 1994. Though the scar has now faded It’s a
great example of the surprises Jupiter can throw up.
Visual Observing.
For many years the
proven and best way to record the Jovian atmosphere was by making visual
drawings of what could be seen at the eyepiece. But what can the observer except
to see on Jupiter? The answer to this of course isn’t a simple one, but in
general a considerable amount can be seen on the Planet and this opposition
presents as especially fine opportunity for users of small telescopes.
A 15cm (6”)
reflector or 10cm (4”) refractor will reveal all the major dark belts and
bright zones, as well as features such as the Great Red Spot and wispy Festoons.
If such apertures are of a high quality optically, far more than this can be
seen, and on the very best nights such scopes may even begin to show to much
detail as to make sketching it all difficult.
Those with larger
telescopes in the 20cm + range Jupiter reveals a tremendous wealth of fine
detail, and a good 20cm reflector or 15cm refractor will provide a lifetime of
wonderfully detailed views. It should of course be noted, that the highest
quality optics the observer can obtain are highly desirable for any planetary
observing or imaging projects.
Two
drawings of Jupiter by the author on November 12th, 2002. Much detail
is visible over the disk, and all relevant information is included on the
observation. D. Peach.
I highly recommend the use of
coloured filters for observing Jupiter. These can be easily obtained from many
suppliers. For Jupiter the most useful filters for the visual observer are Red
and Blue. Smaller scopes (less than 20cm aperture) may prefer Orange or Light
Blue. Filters worth considering are Wratten #25 (Red), #21 (Orange), #38A (Dark
Blue) and #80A (Light Blue.)
Digital Imaging.
As well as being a fascinating target for the
visual observer, Jupiter today is a prime target for modern technology. CCD
cameras and Webcams are providing us with views of Jupiter in such extraordinary
detail, that the finest amateur imagery even approaches that taken by the
world’s largest mountain-top observatories. Such images in recent years have
allowed detection of jestreams on Jupiter only previously recorded from
spacecraft imagery and the following of the general meteorology of the Jovian
atmosphere in unprecedented detail. Even small amateur telescopes equipped with
a webcam can produce detailed imagery.
The best tool for imaging of the Giant Planet
today, is the affordable webcam. This allows real-time viewing of Jupiter on
screen, and the imagery produced from high quality webcams currently stands as
the best imagery of the Planets ever produced by amateurs.
The most popular cameras in use today are the
DMK and Lumenera series of high speed video CCD cameras, though excellent lower
cost alternatives are available such as the Phillips Toucam and SPC900 which can
be obtained second hand fairly easily for around £50.
Using such cameras its possible to take detailed
images fairly easily. Either a full colour camera can be used to produce colour
images, or one can use a mono camera and use different filters to bring out
different details on the Planet, very much in the same way as visual observers
use filters in the same way.
Two
rather different images of Jupiter both by the author. Left, May 12th,
2004 showing a colour view using a modest 15cm telescope and Philips Toucam.
Right. An image from 2009 through a 889nm filter showing methane absorption
levels within the Jovian atmosphere. D. Peach
The great thing with mono cameras is it allows
the use of specialised filters such as IR and UV filters. IR filters are
especially useful to help produce images in poorer seeing conditions or when the
Planet is lower in the sky.
Free software is widely available for processing
the imagery obtained from webcams. Registax is probably the most popular piece
of software and is available for free download online.
The 2009 apparition of Jupiter
ended on a very interesting note, as the South Equatorial Belt (SEB) had largely
faded from view. The Great Red Spot (GRS) had also become more prominent, and
these events are the precursor to one of the most dramatic events that can occur
on Jupiter – The SEB revival.
This
dramatic event sees the faded SEB dramatically and often violently restored to
prominence by the eruption of bright and dark material from a brilliant source
region within the belt itself. Dramatic dark and bright spots rapidly spread
from the source region around the Planet on the northern and southern jetstreams
of the SEB and over the course of a few months restore the belt to a prominent
darkened belt.
During
the revival the SEB present a very turbulent and stormy appearance, apparent
even in smaller telescopes. The 2010 apparition sees a significant chance of a
revival occurring as at the time of writing the first images of Jupiter after
Solar conjunction show the SEB to have faded even further from imagery before
solar conjunction. The revival could occur at anytime, and possibly with the
Planet near opposition which would make for a memorable sight.
Jupiter in August 2009 and May 2010. Note the dramatic changes
that have occurred such as the faded SEB and darkened GRS. Left: D. Peach.
Right: T. Akutsu.
While
the SEB has faded away, the North Equatorial Belt (NEB) has become very dark and
broad. Through the telescope it is by far the most prominent feature on the
Jovian disk at present. Of course the famous Great Red Spot is always on view,
and with the SEB having faded it appears especially prominent, appearing as an
intense orange coloured oval visible even in small telescopes.
Where to send you Images & Observations.
Observers should consider sending
their visual drawings and CCD images to the British Astronomical Association
(BAA) and Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers (ALPO.) for analysis.
Observers can find all the relevant information on these organisations
activities on their web pages which can be found at the end of this article.
With
each submitted observation or image one should include relevant information such
as the accurate date and time of the observation, as well as other details such
as the instrument and filters used.
The
following organisitions welcome submissions of Jupiter observations:
British Astronomical Association
(BAA.) www.britastro.org/jupiter
Association of Lunar and
Planetary Observers (ALPO): http://alpo-astronomy.org/
Association of Lunar &
Planetary Observers Japan:
Jupiter is without doubt one of
the most dramatic sights the night sky has to offer. Its ever-changing face is
always a dramatic and colourful sight. The coming opposition of September 2010
sees Jupiter attain an apparent size in the telescope larger than in many years,
and observers using telescopes of all sizes have a real chance to enjoy the
giant planet at its very best.
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